What Is Colorectal Oncology?
Colorectal cancer is a disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of cells lining the inner surface of the large intestine. The first part of the large intestine is called the colon, and the last part is the rectum. Cancers that develop in these two areas are often considered together and referred to as colorectal cancer.
Colorectal cancer is among the most common types of cancer in both men and women. With early diagnosis and proper treatment, it can often be successfully controlled.
What Are the Symptoms?
In its early stages, colorectal cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, over time, the following signs and complaints may appear:
- Changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of the stool)
- Blood in the stool (bright red or dark-colored)
- Abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating
- Unexplained weight loss
- Persistent fatigue or weakness
- Iron deficiency anemia
These symptoms may also be related to other health conditions. If they persist, it is important to consult a doctor.
Diagnostic Methods
The following methods are used to diagnose colorectal cancer:
- Colonoscopy: The most common and effective diagnostic method. It allows visual inspection of the entire colon using a special camera, and biopsies (tissue samples) can be taken if needed.
- Fecal occult blood test: Detects hidden bleeding in the intestines.
- CT (Computed Tomography) or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Used to assess the spread of the tumor.
- Blood tests: Especially tumor markers like CEA may be monitored during follow-up.
Treatment Options
The treatment plan depends on the stage of the disease, the location of the tumor, and the overall health of the patient. The main treatment options include:
- Surgery
The most effective treatment for early-stage tumors. The section of the bowel containing the tumor is removed. In some cases, a temporary or permanent stoma (opening of the intestine to the abdominal wall) may be necessary. - Chemotherapy
A systemic treatment using medications, often applied in advanced stages or after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. - Radiotherapy
Uses radiation to destroy cancer cells. It is typically used before surgery in rectal cancer to shrink the tumor. - Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
In selected patients, special drugs are used based on the genetic characteristics of the tumor.
Life After Treatment & Support
Maintaining quality of life after treatment for colorectal cancer is essential. Nutrition, psychological support, physical activity, and regular follow-up visits are all vital components of the recovery process.
For patients living with a stoma, education and support help ease the adjustment. Oncology nurses, dietitians, psychologists, and social workers are here to support you throughout your journey.
Early Diagnosis Saves Lives
Colorectal cancer can be detected at an early stage through regular screening tests. Colonoscopy is especially recommended for individuals over the age of 50. Those with a family history of colon or rectal cancer may need to start screening earlier.
Remember, colorectal cancers detected early are highly treatable.
